Basic Knowledge of Firing Techniques Using Saggars in Ceramics

Understanding Saggars in Ceramics

Saggars are essential tools in the world of ceramics, serving as protective containers during the firing process.
They are typically made from a refractory material, which is heat-resistant, ensuring that pottery pieces maintain their shape and surface integrity when subjected to high temperatures in a kiln.
The use of saggars dates back to ancient times and has evolved over the centuries to meet the demands of modern pottery production.

The Role of Saggars in Ceramics

In ceramic firing, saggars play a crucial role in protecting pottery from direct flame and fuel but can also impact the final appearance of a ceramic piece.
They act as a barrier between the pottery and harmful contaminants, such as kiln ash or splattered glaze from other pieces being fired simultaneously.
Additionally, saggars can influence the atmosphere around the ceramic piece, contributing to effects like the oxidation or reduction of glazes.

For ceramists, controlling the atmosphere is essential for achieving the desired finish on their work.
When pottery is placed inside a saggar, it is possible to add specific materials, such as sawdust, salts, or metal oxides, to create unique surface finishes.
These materials can interact with the clay during firing, producing distinctive patterns, colors, and textures.

Types of Saggars

Saggars come in various shapes and sizes, each tailored to specific ceramics needs.
Some are small and designed for individual pieces, while others can accommodate larger items or multiple smaller pieces.
The following are some common types of saggars used in ceramics:

Traditional Clay Saggars

Traditional clay saggars are typically made from the same materials as the pottery itself.
These are strong and durable, ideal for withstanding the high temperatures of a kiln.
Clay saggars provide significant flexibility in size and shape, allowing artisans to customize them based on their specific needs.

Metal Saggars

Metal saggars, often constructed from stainless steel or iron, offer a durable alternative to clay.
They are especially useful in wood-fired kilns due to their ability to withstand high thermal shock.
Metal saggars can be manufactured in intricate shapes and are often used to achieve specific reduction effects, thanks to their ability to quickly heat and cool.

Glass Saggars

Glass saggars are less common but provide certain advantages in specific firing scenarios.
They can achieve more even heat distribution and allow craftspeople to monitor the firing process visually.
However, due to their fragility and cost, glass saggars are typically reserved for smaller, intricate pieces.

Using Saggars Effectively in Firing

To use saggars effectively, it’s essential to understand the firing techniques involved and the desired outcome for your pottery.
Several techniques can be employed, each offering distinct benefits and challenges:

Open Saggar Firing

Open saggar firing involves placing pots inside saggars with openings that allow airflow and partial exposure to the kiln atmosphere.
This technique is suitable for those looking to create unique, spontaneous effects on their ceramics.
Open saggars can be packed with combustible materials like sawdust or organic matter, which interact with the pottery surfaces to create distinct textures and tones.

Closed Saggar Firing

Closed saggar firing offers more control over the firing environment by sealing the pottery pieces completely within the saggar.
This method is ideal for achieving specific colors and finishes, as the atmosphere inside can be precisely manipulated by adding specific chemicals or materials.
Closed saggar firing can result in uniform finishes and is often preferred for functional ware.

Naked Raku Saggar Firing

A variation of open saggar firing, naked raku involves placing pottery in an open saggar with combustible materials and then immediately removing the pieces from the hot kiln to a reduction chamber.
This technique creates rapid cooling and causes intense reactions with the glaze, resulting in vibrant colors and patterns.
The term “naked” refers to the removal of any glaze or coating applied to the pottery, allowing the firing process itself to influence the final outcome.

Preparing Saggars for Firing

The preparation of saggars before firing is a critical step in ensuring the success of the firing process.
First, ensure that the saggar is clean and free of any residues from previous firings.
Residues can contaminate the current firing batch, leading to unexpected results.

Next, decide which materials need to be placed inside the saggar to achieve your desired effect.
If your goal is to create a smoky pattern on the pottery piece, include organic matter like leaves or wood chips.
If aiming for specific color effects, introduce metal oxides or salts.

Ensure that the pottery pieces are strategically placed within the saggar, considering how the materials around them will react in the firing process.
It’s crucial to leave enough space between items to allow for efficient airflow and prevent sticking or unwanted marks.

Conclusion

Mastering firing techniques using saggars is an invaluable skill for ceramic artists looking to push the boundaries of their craft.
With a deep understanding of the various types of saggars, firing methods, and preparation techniques, you can create unique, captivating pieces that showcase both your technical prowess and artistic vision.
As you experiment with different materials and approaches, saggars can unlock countless possibilities for innovation and expression in the ceramic arts.